What kind of theory explores the processes of learning through direct experiences and observation?

Behaviorism is the correct answer because it focuses on the idea that behavior is learned through interactions with the environment, predominantly through direct experiences and observation. This theory emphasizes the role of environmental stimuli in shaping behavior and underscores the importance of reinforcement and punishment in the learning process.

In behaviorism, learning occurs when individuals observe the behaviors of others and the consequences that follow those behaviors. This observational learning, as highlighted by figures like Albert Bandura, shows how people can acquire new behaviors just by watching others, rather than through direct experience alone. This is often referred to as social learning.

Cognitive theory, while also dealing with learning, emphasizes internal mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving rather than focusing strictly on observable behaviors. Humanistic theory concentrates more on personal growth and self-actualization, focusing on the individual's capacity for self-direction and the importance of personal experiences in the learning process. Evolutionary theory examines how behavior and cognitive processes may have been shaped by evolutionary pressures, rather than focusing on behavior learned through direct experience or observation.

Thus, behaviorism is distinct in its focus on the observable aspects of learning through experiences and observations, making it the best fit for the question.