What does an independent variable refer to in an experiment?

In an experiment, the independent variable is indeed the factor that the researcher manipulates to observe its effect on another variable. This manipulation allows researchers to test hypotheses by establishing a cause-and-effect relationship. For instance, if a study investigates how different amounts of sunlight affect plant growth, the amount of sunlight provided to the plants is the independent variable.

Identifying the independent variable is crucial for the design and interpretation of the experiment, as it helps to determine how changes in this variable lead to changes in the dependent variable, which is typically the outcome that is measured in the study. Understanding the independent variable also aids in replicating the research and building on existing findings in the field of developmental psychology and other research areas.