What do the terms “crystallized intelligence” and “fluid intelligence” refer to?

Crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence are concepts introduced by psychologist Raymond Cattell. Crystallized intelligence is characterized by the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired through experience and education over time. This includes things like vocabulary, general knowledge, and the ability to use learned skills. It reflects cultural and educational experiences and tends to remain stable or even improve with age.

Fluid intelligence, on the other hand, pertains to the capacity to think logically and solve new problems independent of any knowledge from the past. It involves reasoning, abstract thinking, and the ability to identify patterns and relationships in novel situations. This type of intelligence is often seen as being more age-sensitive, typically peaking in young adulthood and gradually declining later in life.

The distinction between these two types of intelligence explains why someone may excel in one area while not performing as well in another. The correct answer emphasizes the nature of each intelligence type, highlighting the way crystallized intelligence is built over time through learning and experience, while fluid intelligence is more about adaptability and problem-solving in new situations. This understanding is crucial in developmental psychology as it provides insight into cognitive aging and educational approaches tailored to different stages of life.